“While the focus has often been on new construction and cutting-edge green technologies, New York City’s existing buildings hold immense potential for environmental improvement.”
Gerardo Romo / NYC Council Media Unit.
Buildings in Inwood, Manhattan.New York City’s skyline is one of the most iconic in the world, but beneath its soaring towers and historic brownstones lies a pressing environmental challenge: how can the city’s vast stock of existing buildings be reimagined to combat climate change? As the city grapples with rising temperatures, increasing flood risks, and the need for more sustainable development, there is an untapped opportunity to transform the buildings we already have into climate warriors.
While the focus has often been on new construction and cutting-edge green technologies, New York City’s existing buildings hold immense potential for environmental improvement. Many of these structures are already significant contributors to the city’s carbon footprint. However, they also represent a powerful tool for achieving its ambitious climate goals—if we approach their future use with vision and creativity.
The concept of repurposing existing buildings to meet sustainability targets is gaining traction, as it addresses two key concerns: climate resilience and affordable housing. Out of New York’s 1 million buildings, many are aged, underutilized, and in dire need of upgrades. This situation presents a unique opportunity to breathe new life into these structures while drastically reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions.
The environmental impacts of older buildings are clear. A large portion of New York City’s building stock was constructed before modern energy efficiency standards were put in place. The result? Higher energy costs, inefficient heating and cooling, and greater vulnerability to extreme weather events. Studies have shown that buildings are responsible for about 70 percent of the city’s carbon emissions—far more than transportation. With the city’s population continuing to grow, addressing the environmental performance of existing buildings is critical.
One of the most promising ways to address this issue is through retrofitting. Retrofitting involves upgrading older buildings with modern technology, improved insulation, and energy efficient systems that can reduce their carbon footprints. However, there is often resistance to such projects due to high upfront costs and regulatory hurdles. Yet, when viewed through the lens of long-term climate action, these investments not only save energy but also create jobs, boost local economies, and reduce emissions, making them essential for achieving the city’s climate targets.
Additionally, it’s important to address the embodied carbon associated with the construction materials used in many of these buildings. Retrofitting existing structures prevents the need to demolish them and extract raw materials to build new ones—thereby reducing the environmental impact of construction. This makes repurposing not only a sustainable but a circular economy solution to urban development.
Beyond energy efficiency, New York City’s existing buildings also present an opportunity for climate resilience. Many older structures are located in neighborhoods vulnerable to rising sea levels and storm surges. Repurposing these buildings can help protect vulnerable communities while ensuring they remain integral parts of the urban fabric.
Take, for example, the adaptive reuse of former industrial buildings along the waterfronts of Brooklyn and Manhattan. These once-polluted spaces have been successfully transformed into vibrant mixed-use developments, proving that with the right strategies, we can adapt older buildings to withstand the impacts of climate change. A focus on floodproofing, resilient infrastructure, and creating green spaces within these buildings could serve as a model for future urban planning.
Additionally, repurposing vacant or underused buildings into affordable housing can alleviate two pressing crises at once: the lack of housing and the need for more sustainable urban solutions. In neighborhoods that face both environmental and housing affordability challenges, adaptive reuse projects can provide affordable, energy-efficient homes while helping to shield residents from the effects of climate change.
It’s vital that such projects be developed with equity in mind. Low-income and marginalized communities are often the most vulnerable to climate impacts, and they also face the greatest housing shortages. By prioritizing community involvement in planning and ensuring that affordable housing needs are met, adaptive reuse can promote social equity alongside environmental sustainability.
The challenge lies not only in the technical aspects of retrofitting but also in navigating zoning laws, building codes, and financing obstacles. Many existing buildings are restricted by outdated regulations that hinder their adaptive reuse. Streamlining these policies and offering financial incentives for sustainable retrofits would create the momentum needed to make meaningful progress.
For instance, New York City could consider tax incentives for buildings that meet high standards of energy efficiency or for projects that incorporate climate-resilient features. Policies that allow for more flexible zoning and land use would also make it easier to repurpose older buildings for residential and mixed-use purposes. Additionally, public-private partnerships can be leveraged to provide funding and expertise for these complex projects. By joining forces, the city and the private sector can unlock new financing mechanisms that make large-scale retrofitting feasible.
In addition to these regulatory changes, the city should consider the use of smart technologies during retrofitting. Smart sensors, automated climate control systems, and renewable energy installations like solar panels could be integrated into older buildings, helping them become more efficient, adaptable, and resilient to the climate challenges ahead. These technologies, when used in conjunction with retrofitting, would further enhance the sustainability of New York City’s existing building stock.
The transformation of New York City’s existing buildings into climate-conscious, resilient structures is a goal that requires collaboration among architects, policymakers, business leaders, and communities. We can’t afford to overlook the importance of the buildings that have shaped our city’s identity. By embracing the potential of adaptive reuse and sustainable retrofitting, we can preserve the rich history of our neighborhoods while ensuring they are prepared for the challenges of the future.
There are global precedents for successful adaptive reuse projects. In Hamburg, Germany, the HafenCity development transformed former industrial warehouses into a thriving, sustainable community. Similarly, London’s Battersea Power Station is being repurposed into a state-of the-art residential and commercial space with a focus on energy efficiency. These examples show that adaptive reuse is not only possible but can become a model for other cities facing similar challenges.
Moreover, New York City can leverage its historic preservation policies to support sustainability. By creating clear guidelines for retrofitting historic buildings, the city could preserve its architectural heritage while reducing the carbon footprint of its urban landscape. Preservation is not about freezing buildings in time; it’s about ensuring they continue to serve the community while meeting the demands of the modern world.
Every day that goes by without action on these fronts brings us one step further from meeting our climate goals. If New York City is to remain a global leader in sustainability, it must look inward and recognize the value of its existing building stock—not only as historical treasures but as vital pieces of the city’s future.
As we continue to confront climate change, the opportunity to repurpose the past for a greener future lies within our hands. It’s time to turn our gaze to the buildings that already define the city and unlock their true potential.
Christine McHugh is a global commercial real estate advisor. She is also a board member of ASHRAE/NYC and the US PropTech Council and serves on advisory boards for Cisco’s Design In Partner program, Facilimax’s Digital Twin Platform, and Turf Elevate’s AI-powered vertical solutions.
