The Jail Next Door: A Look at the 14 Correctional Facilities in New York’s Neighborhoods

It’s understandable: Nobody wants a jail as a neighbor.

But as part of the plan to close Rikers Island, it looks like some Bronx residents are going to get one. In February Mayor de Blasio and the City Council moved forward with an agreement to transition to borough-based jails in order to close Rikers. As part of this agreement, the city plans to re-open a jail in Queens and build a new one in the Bronx.

The Queens plan has gone off without a hitch, but the Bronx proposal has met significant community resistance. Residents nearby two proposed locations have taken to the streets in protest, expressing concerns about potential crime, traffic, stigma and more.

“I strongly believe no student should go to school in the shadow of a jail,” wrote City Council Member Vanessa Gibson in an op-ed published in the Gotham Gazette in opposition to the Courthouse site, which lies in her district.

Opposition to a jail next door is an instinctual and relatable response. Quite simply, incarceration is ugly and we would rather not think about it. But what does a jail next door really mean?

At 14 locations throughout New York City, residents live with a jail or correctional facility as a neighbor. (The Bronx is home to two current facilities, while Manhattan has five; Brooklyn has four and Queens has three. There are none in Staten Island.)

Some of these institutions are nestled out of sight and out of mind in industrial districts like the Queensboro Correctional Facility, a 424-bed medium-security state prison located amid warehouse buildings in rapidly-developing Long Island City, or the Queens Detention Center, a privately operated facility that houses detainees for the US Marshals service near JFK.

 

Facility	Agency	Capacity	Borough
Ella McQueen Reception Center	State OCFS	33	Brooklyn
Crossroads Juvenile Center	NYC ACS	105	Brooklyn
Horizon Juvenile Center	NYC ACS	98	Bronx
Queens Detention Facility	U.S. Marshals	222	Queens
Metropolitan Correctional Center New York	Federal BOP	833	Manhattan
Metropolitan Detention Center Brooklyn	Federal BOP	1878	Brooklyn
Edgecombe Residential Treatment Facility	State DOCCS	183	Manhattan
Lincoln Correctional Facility	State DOCCS	284	Manhattan
Queensboro Correctional Facility	State DOCCS	424	Queens
Vernon Bain Correctional Center (Barge)	City DOC	815	Bronx
Metropolitan Detention Complex (The Toombs)	City DOC	898	Manhattan
Brooklyn Detention Complex	City DOC	687	Brooklyn
Bellevue Hospital Prison Ward	City DOC	53	Manhattan
Elmhurst Hospital Prison Ward	City DOC	14	Queens

Others are located in residential communities, like the Edgecombe Residential Treatment Facility, which houses up to 183 individuals on sleepy Edgecombe Avenue in Northern Manhattan.

There is certainly a history of placing correctional facilities in communities of color and poor communities. The South Bronx is home to two facilities already: The Horizon Juvenile Center is one of the city’s two secure youth detention facilities and sits just a block from one of the busiest intersections in the South Bronx, while the Vernon C. Bain, the city’s maximum security jail barge, is docked at the end of Halleck Street in the Hunts Point neighborhood. The little-known barge holds 800 inmates and is one of three floating jails that were built when Rikers Island reached maximum capacity in the late 1980s—the other two were retired Staten Island Ferries. They were all supposed to be temporary, but this one remains in operation.

Each correctional facility has a different relationship with its neighbors and the community that surrounds it, but by and large, according to interviews and observations by City Limits over the past month, they are quiet (if unsightly) presences.

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The Jail Near You

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A quiet neighbor in Harlem

On an afternoon by the Lincoln Correctional Facility, a New York State Prison located between Lenox and 5th Avenues on Central Park North, a stream of men enter the building through a side entrance every 5 minutes or so. They’re easy to miss amid the bustle on this south-Harlem street, but so is the prison itself. A former YMHA building, besides the grate-covered windows it blends in perfectly with the adjacent pre-war buildings overlooking Central Park and the midtown skyline.

Just a block north, school has just let out at PS 208 and Harlem Academy. Across the street residents dot the benches along the park and children shout in the playground sprinkler.

The men are returning to prison after a day working a job. They are still inmates at this facility and they have to report back every night, but they’re allowed to leave for the day and make money as part of the State’s work release program.

Tyler Horrell has lived in the apartment building adjacent to the facility for three years. He says the facility doesn’t cause any problems for him or the neighborhood at all.

“You see guys come and go, but I’ve never heard anything negative. Some people have this fear that, oh you bring these criminals into our community, they’re going to do something. But you very seldom even see them,” he says.

His sentiment is shared by others on the block.

“It’s quiet. We don’t have any trouble,” says Rose Tiangco a resident in another building adjacent to the facility.

In fact, it’s clear on this afternoon and others this week that the homeless shelter nearby has a greater effect on the community than the prison. The benches along Central Park are filled with shelter residents who are doing anything they can to avoid the uncomfortable conditions of their current residence.

“It’s no bother, they keep it clean. You never know it’s there,” says one resident of the shelter who sat on a bench with friends across from the prison.  “They’re more organized [in the prison] than in the shelter.”

Competing ideas for best use

Daniel Murphy, executive director of the Pitkin Avenue Business Improvement District (BID), feels similarly about the impact of the Crossroads Juvenile Center on his neighborhood, Brownsville, in Brooklyn. The Crossroads Center occupies almost a full block just off of busy Pitkin Avenue in the northern part of the neighborhood. It is directly adjacent to Murphy’s BID.

He says he’s never heard any concerns from property or business owners in the district and he rarely sees anyone even coming or going.

However, Murphy says there’s more to the facility’s relationship with the community than its material impact. Jails are just one element of a matrix of essential city services, and Brownsville needs other ones.

“There’s a spatial opportunity cost of having this facility there. It could be something else, a housing facility, a community center or a gym. But it’s a youth detention center. That’s not the most positive impact.”

City Council Member Alicka Ampry-Samuels echoed Murphy’s point. According to Samuels, the legacy of the Crossroads Center’s construction still hangs over the neighborhood. In the mid 1990s, the community had hoped the city would build a high school at the site where the Crossroads Center currently sits. Instead, it built this youth jail, which was completed in 1998.

“It was always a sour taste in our mouth with Crossroads because we didn’t want it,” she says. “Its directly across the street from the 73rd Precinct. The building itself along with the surrounding parking lot are a lot, visually. And the juvenile detention center is a lot as well. It feels like a criminal justice corridor.”

Samuels says the structure built a relationship with between the city and the community that criminalized the area’s youth rather than a relationship which would provide more opportunities for community and growth. “The children are harassed in the streets, then they are arrested at the 73rd precinct and just taken to court and locked up right there. We would like to see more positivity in the community.”

To this day, Brownsville does not have its own stand-alone high school*.

Sites with a history

In many ways, the neighborhood’s concerns about the new South Bronx jail are similar to Brownsville’s concerns over 20 years ago. Both neighborhoods have suffered from decades of disinvestment and neglect and neighbors and community leaders feel that the South Bronx should be receiving millions of dollars from the city for affordable housing, schools and jobs, not a jail. Their “fair-share” argument is only bolstered by the fact that, despite having a criminal courthouse—and in the face of the Lippman Commission’s recommendation that every borough have a jail—Staten Island will be relieved of that obligation under the mayor’s current scheme.

Arline Parks is a Mott Haven resident and also vice chair and CEO of the Diego Beekman Mutual Housing Association. The organization represents tenants just a few doors down from the tow pound site and has proposed a comprehensive development plan for the Mott Haven—Port Morris neighborhood. Crucially, the plan involves developing the tow pound site for a manufacturing business which would provide jobs to community residents.

“This is a neighborhood that needs the kind of economic development that other neighborhoods have had and experienced over the past 22 years,” says Parks.

According to Michael Brady, director of the Third Avenue Business Improvement District, next to which the Horizon Juvenile Facility sits, the tow pound site could hold 1.3 million square feet of industrial space and industrial jobs pay well.

“Building a prison would not employ anyone save for correction officers, who don’t live in the neighborhood,” he says. “It’s unconscionable that we should take a prime parcel of property that could be really catalyzed to change a community and build a detention center or a smaller version of a prison that is really just a visible mark of the community’s lack of progress.”

Is crime a threat?

When the city announced plans to build a new jail at the Mott Haven tow pound site in February, neighbors and the press alike expressed fears that the jail would bring both crime and lower property values.

A New York Post headline covering the plan said, “Dangerous Rikers inmates could be heading to your part of town.” A New York Daily News editorial opposing the site for the jail suggested that it’s presence could encourage rival gangsters to stop by for a visit.

The stakes are certainly higher for Mott Haven, which has been saddled with crime and drug trafficking for decades. But across the city’s 14 correctional facilities, there is no indication that any is conducive to crime nearby.

“I don’t believe we’ve had any escapees, so I don’t think that facility itself is creating crime or having any impact on crime locally,” says Jeremy Laufer, District Manager of Brooklyn Community Board 7, in whose district the Federal Metropolitan Detention Center sits. The facility is massive and can house over 1,800 detainees.

A City Limits analysis of 2018 crime data supports this conclusion. While crime throughout the city varies widely,  there is no meaningful difference between the frequency of crime immediately surrounding facilities and crime in the greater vicinity.

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Jails and Crime
Map shows density of felony, misdemeanor and violation crimes reported to NYPD in 2018 through June vs. NYC correctional facilities. Colors depict the number of crime complaints. Source: NYPD  

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When the Brooklyn House of Detention reopened on Atlantic Avenue in 2012, the New York Times quoted a nearby resident, Lisa Goldfarb,who worried that the jail would bring foot traffic and crime, but most importantly decrease her property value. With her husband, she had just paid $3.4 million for a townhouse down the street. “We took a gamble and lost on this neighborhood,” she said.

But since that facility reopened, neither of those concerns appear to have borne out. Property values in the area continues to rise as new development engulfs any vacant space available and jail-related crime is non-existent.

The jail’s biggest impact: parking. Correctional officers are not issued official parking placards, and as a result, they routinely create them for themselves and take up parking spaces for hours on Atlantic Avenue. “Anything and anything can function as a permit—an arm patch, a hat, a notebook, a business card, notebook, union card and a towel,” says Howard Kollins, President of the nearby Boerum Hill Association.

A different kind of jail?

Over a year before the controversy about the siting of the proposed Bronx Jail, the Lippman Commission, chaired by and named for a former NYC Chief Justice, issued a report that laid out a roadmap for closing Rikers Island and imagined a positive future for the New York City corrections system.

The commission was made up of leaders, experienced practitioners and stakeholders of the city’s criminal justice system and was formed with the specific intention of creating a plan to close Rikers Island and reform the city’s criminal justice system.

The borough-based jail plan was part of the commission’s initial proposal—as was a vision that radically re-imagined the architecture and design of a city jail.

Instead of massive jails like Rikers Island, New York City’s criminal justice system would be centered around “Justice Hubs,” which would co-locate jail and courthouses and offer detainees with services such as better access to lawyers and family members, as well as access to rehabilitative treatment. The jails would be designed to maximize natural light and open space and provide access to outdoor space as well.

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The Jail Next Door: View from the Pizzeria
Luca Arrigoni Is the owner of Sottocasa, a restaurant across the street from the Brooklyn House of Detention–one of two city jails the city will expand as part of the plan to close Rikers Island, along with reopening a third and creating a new fourth facility. He talks here about the impact of the jail on his business. Film by Laura Duclos.

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The vision reimagines the city jail as a positive civic service which would integrate with the streetscape, potentially house commercial space and crucially, reduce the stigma of incarceration.

At a town hall meeting organized by Councilmember Stephen Levin this March, residents from near the Brooklyn House of Detention heard members of the Lippman Commission present this vision and then discussed what it would mean for the Brooklyn House. The city’s plan would require an expansion of that facility’s capacity.

According to Peter Bray, executive director of the Brooklyn Heights Association, who was in attendance at the town hall, many expressed skepticism that the renovation and expansion would occur without the reforms.

“I think the most important [concern] is that Rikers Island not be closed down only to recreate it at the Brooklyn House of Detention site,” he says. “That all the ills that afflict Rikers Island can’t simply be transposed to a new facility at the Brooklyn House of Detention.”

The vision of reformed city jails  is, in theory, the one that the city will pursue as it renovates and expands borough jails and builds the new one in the Bronx. Bronx Council Member Rafael Salamanca, in addition to members Levin and Ampry-Samuels support the concept of redesigned jails.

However, it is quite unclear whether these reforms will materialize in complete form—especially at the new Bronx jail, where the city has not been explicit about what a jail would look like or mean for the community.

If the city is going to persuade South Bronx resident to accept a new jail as a neighbor, it’s going to have to communicate a vision for the facility as a community asset, according to Salamanca.

“If the administration wants to make it a reality, it needs to figure out how to convince the community,” he says.

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Read our 2015 series

Closing Rikers

In the wake of media investigations and prosecutors’ reports revealing widespread problems at the city’s main jail facility, a small but influential set of voices began calling to close Rikers Island. With the goal of informing the growing debate, City & State and City Limits presented this series of articles exploring Rikers Island, its problems, the proposals to fix them and the bold case for more sweeping change.

* Clarification: The original version of this article said Brownsville lacked a “full-scale” high school. While Brownsville does have high schools, they share buildings with other schools.