CCC
Based on data from the 2016 ACS.
The Census Bureau’s annual release of findings from the American Community Survey – the tool used to produce official estimates of income and poverty among other important indicators – has brought good news for New York City the past two years. The 2015 survey results revealed that median household income in New York City increased 5 percent from the prior year, finally returning to near its pre-recession level (with adjustments for inflation). At the time, CCC pointed out that income for families with children was still lagging behind. That changed this past September, when results from the 2016 survey showed that median income for families with children in the city increased 10 percent from 2015, sending it over its pre-recession level.
However, it is important to consider how the Great Recession and the subsequent recovery may have increased economic inequality in the city. Of the five boroughs, only Brooklyn’s median household income was meaningfully higher in 2016 than it was in 2008, the last year of data before the recession sent incomes falling. It was the already wealthy districts of Brooklyn Heights/Fort Greene and Park Slope, and the rapidly gentrifying districts of Williamsburg/Greenpoint, Bedford Stuyvesant, and Crown Heights that contributed most to Brooklyn’s 14 percent increase in median household income. Notably, the borough’s three districts with the lowest incomes in 2008 – Coney Island, East New York, and Brownsville – did not experience statistically significant increases in income.
Looking specifically at families with children, Brooklyn and Manhattan are the only boroughs with median incomes statistically higher in 2016 than in 2008. In Brooklyn, median income for families with children was up 12 percent in 2016 compared to 2008. Families with children in Manhattan experienced a 37 percent increase in median income during that time, up to nearly $111,000 in 2016, or three times higher than the median income for families with children in the Bronx.
We also see potential increases in income inequality when looking at median household income by race and ethnicity. Citywide, every racial/ethnic group has recovered from the low point of the recession to their 2008 income level, but only white households have experienced a statistically significant increase in median income when comparing 2016 and 2008 (up 6 percent). This has had the effect of increasing what was an already wide income gap. In 2008, white households had a median income 31 percent higher than Asian households, 75 percent higher than black households, and 107 percent higher than Latino households. In 2016, those numbers were 38 percent, 83 percent, and 115 percent.
In Brooklyn, where we saw median income increase in some neighborhoods with large black and Latino populations including Bedford Stuyvesant and Crown Heights, it seems those gains are not being felt by everyone. While black and Latino households in Brooklyn have recovered to right around their pre-recession income levels, the median income for white and Asian households increased 30 percent and 15 percent, respectively, from 2008 to 2016.
Over the last few years, important steps have been taken to make the city more equitable through initiatives like raising the minimum wage, paid sick leave, universal prekindergarten, and free lunch for public school students. The upcoming citywide election offers a perfect opportunity to assess how the city’s children and families are faring and identify initiatives that can improve well-being moving forward. It’s clear from census data that the efforts to reduce economic inequality and promote upward mobility must not only be sustained but expanded on.
Future priorities should include providing affordable, high quality infant and toddler child care; expanding the city earned income and child care tax credits; offering reduced subway and bus fares to low-income residents and providing transportation alternatives in hard to reach communities; creating incentives to create parks, playgrounds, food retail, and ground floor community space as affordable housing is developed; and strengthening prevention and addressing the in-shelter and post-shelter service needs of homeless children and their parents.
By advancing these and other priorities, subsequent census releases might not only bring good news for the city as a whole, but may finally start to show a narrowing of the income gap – and improved well-being for families with children.
Apurva Mehrotra is the director of research and data analysis for Citizens Committee for Children of New York.
